I'm sorry, I grew up in a farming community, with lots of friends whose families had cows/pigs/sheep/horses, even goats. That cavalier attitude doesn't have ANYTHING to do with livestock being more important than a pet.
It has to do with poor animal husbandry. A farmer with a skinny dog probably has cows with worms and chickens with bird flu!
If he can see the all puppy's ribs, he really needs call either Animal Control or the sherriff if they don't have an Animal Control office, and report a skinny dog at such and such address.
I know, it's your new house and you want to get along with your neighbors. However, it's also important that you start as you mean to go on. People should know that neither of you is going to turn a blind eye to mistreated animals.