Tanimara...... . Not that I have a Livestock guardian, but having had many different type breed dogs, I am very interested in reading and learning as much as possible, and if you dont mind I would absolutely love to read that article. You are so right when you say, different breed act and react very different.
I too though believe that most dogs do understand cause and effect.
Personally I have not really used time out, mainly because I never really found a good place to do the time out. I didnt want to use the bed or their bed or anywhere, where it is supposed to be nice and safe for them. So I really have very little experience of time out, but would love to read about it.
The dogs I have had, have listened rather fast to NO, the squirt bottle have worked well, holding the lip so when they mouth your hand they bite their lip instead, voila it isnt all that fun to bite anylonger. That worked wonderfully with the danes. squirt bottle with lime juice works better on Galahad. Also when doing this say a firm NO and right away offer a chew toy and say good puppy when it starts chewing on that instead. Its already been said, but the more chew toys a puppy has the better, always something there, they are not bored off quite yet lol...... Also depending on how hard they tend to chew, they have the chill bones now, and my vet says they work well, have not a lot of experience of them myself though.
Good Luck and it will get better
Marit